通信工程文献翻译——当今，我们生活在嵌入式系统设备的周围，这些基于嵌入式系统的设备如汽车、洗衣机、医疗设备等。

嵌入式系统是一个为完成特定的控制功能，通常用于实时约束计算而设计的计算机系统。嵌入式是作为一个完整的设备的一部分，通常包括硬件和机械零件。相比之下，一台通用计算机，例如个人电脑(PC)，它设计灵活来满足各种用户的需求。当今嵌入式系统控制着很多常用设备。

嵌入式系统的一个突出的例子是微控制器，它是被一个小型和微型计算机指定执行一些特定的任务。单片机程序(固件)就是其中之一，它决定单片机给用户提供了什么功能。一个程序，在不需要一个操作系统的情况下，而有能力在单片机上运行被称为固件。这意味着，一个固件有直接访问硬件的特权。在本文中试图详细解释一个电子锁的固件。单片机的基本思想是在一个简单的电路中去收集所有的输入和输出外围设备，它代表的是微控制器，而不是大型和复杂的计算机微处理器和大量的外围设备。

固件直接处理外围设备和输入/输出端口给单片机的完整功能。

在许多方面微处理器与微控制器是有区别的。第一个及最重要的方面是它们的架构。为了让一个微处理器功能能够正常运行，其他的组件，如内存、外设和输入输出端口必须连接到它。简而言之，我们可以说，一个微处理器是计算机的核心，它与计算机系统的其他外围设备/部件一起工作。另一方面，一个微控制器被设计成为一个可以独立执行的单元。不需要其他外部组件的应用程序，因为所有必要的外围设备和部件已经内置。最终，它节省了所需的时间和空间构造设备。

随着电子技术的发展，各类电子产品也在相应产生，电子锁就是其中之一。跟据有关资料的介绍，从20世纪30年代就开始研究电子锁了，很早就已经应用于一些特殊场所。这种锁是通过键盘输入一组密码来完成开锁的过程。研究这种锁的原始目的，就是为增强锁的安全性能。因为电子锁的密钥量（密码量）非常大，能够与机械锁配合使用，而且可以防止因钥匙被仿制而留下安全隐患。电子锁只需记住一组密码，不用携带金属钥匙，人们携带金属钥匙的烦恼被去除，被越来越多的人所欣赏。电子锁有很多种类，如指纹锁，数码锁，磁卡锁，IC卡锁，生物锁等。但是比较实用的还是按键式电子锁。在20世纪80年代以后，随着电子锁专用集成电路的出现，电子锁的体积变小，可靠性增强，成本较高，......

Today, we are living in the in the of embedded systems surrounded by devices that based on the embedded systems like cars, washing , medical equipment’s etc. 

An embedded system is a computer system designed for specific control functions often with realtime computing constraints.It is embedded as part of a complete device which often including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer(PC), is designed to be flexible to meet a wide range of end-user needs. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today.

One of prominent example of an embedded system is a microcontroller , which is a small and tiny computer designated to perform some specific tasks. A microcontroller program(firmware) is the one, which decides what functionality the microcontroller provides to a user. A program that has the ability to run on a microcontroller without the need of an operating system is called as a firmware. That means, a firmware has the privilege to access the hardware directly.This paper tries to explain an electronic lock firmware in detail. The basic idea of microcontroller is to collect all the input and output peripherals in one simple circuit, which represent the microcontroller instead of the large and sophisticated computer with microprocessor and large numbers of peripherals.

The firmware directly deals with peripherals and Input/Output ports to give complete functionality of microcontroller.

 Microprocessor differs from a microcontroller in many aspects. First and the most important aspect is its architecture. In order for a microprocessor to function properly, other components such as memory, peripherals and input output ports must be connected to it. In short, we can say that a microprocessor is the heart of the computer and it works a group with other peripherals/parts of the computer system.On the other hand, a microcontroller is designed to be comprised as a single unit which can perform independently. No other external component is needed for its application because all necessary peripherals and ports are already built into it. Ultimately, it saves ......