自动控制文献翻译——1 说明

对铁路运输来说，减少维修开支是一项艰巨的任务。铁路经营者通过使设备现代化和节省劳动力来缩减维修经费。对于轨道电路状态的测量尤其是对安装在轨旁的测量仪器的维护都需要很多人，所以偶尔会用具有自动测量功能的自检机车代替那些测量仪器。但这种自检机车价格昂贵，运行需要另外安排计划，这对它们的运行造成了很大的限制，而且铁路运营者拥有这种机车并不足够。为了改善这种局面，我们开发了一种感应列车。这是一种商业列车，它运用简单的探测仪器实现对轨道状态和信号设备的自动测量。这篇论文是在《COMPRALL》2006[4]所陈述观点的基础上，进一步介绍了感应列车的测量功能，或者说是ATS（自动列车防护系统）和轨道电路的测量技术及其他。

2 感应列车的概念

感应列车是一种装备有能对铁路各种状态，条件进行测量的车载感应系统的商业列车，其车载感应系统的结构如图1所示。感应系统有5部分组成，其中车辆状态分析、轨道状态诊断和安全诊断三个子系统用来采集各种维修数据。位置检测子系统通过获得的数据判断出故障位置。这些子系统采集的所有数据都存储在数据采集子系统内。下面介绍的这项技术与安全诊断子系统有关，该系统为信号设备检查各种维修数据。

3 应用于感应列车的ATS感应技术

3.1 ATS维护所面临的问题及技术发展背景

如果列车司机没有看见停车信号显示且没有实施减速，安全系统会自动控制列车减速来防护列车的安全。自动列车防护系统(ATS)就是这样一种系统。所有JR线及日本许多其他线上引进的ATS系统都是一种移频系统。该系统采用一种叫做信标的LC线圈，信标安装在两根钢轨之间。当列车从线圈上方经过，ATS系统就会接收到地面信号显示。如果从点控ATS系统接收信息失败，将会导致很多功能的丢失，那是非常危险的。因此，信标的特性控制是一件非常重要的维护项目。信标的特性是由LCR串联电路的Q值（品质因子）控制的，且对他们状态的测量在闭塞分区内完成或从列车上得到。ATS信标有间隔得分布在轨道上，必须用Q值测量仪一个一个测量它们的Q值。这种测量方法确实精确，但却需要花费大量的时间和劳力，所以，在信号维护中，这还是一个必须考虑的节约劳力的问题。

另一方面，Q值的自动测量需使用自检机车。当列车从信标上方经过时，信号的接收电平与Q值成比例，所以，Q值可以通过测量自检机车的接收电平来确定。然而，接收电平并不仅仅取决于Q值，还和信标与车载接收线圈的实际距离，以及信标的安装条件有关。所以测量误差又是一个需要解决的问题。

作者开发感应列车技术意在用商业列车监控铁路设备的状态。用感应列车测量ATS信标的Q值，就必须建立一种能快速、精确地测量出Q值的一种测量技术。文章第二部分记录了我们测试和实验的结果。

3.2 ATS信标的特性控制

ATS信标通过把车载传输频率加载到信标谐振频率上来传输信息。现在有7种频率可供选择，通过车载过滤器对这些载频进行分辨，就能获得所需的信息。由于频移特性，所以信标的Q值肯定会很大于某个确定值。因此，对于维护工作中信标特性控制，其Q值得测量还可以用眼睛来初步检测。

3.3 ATS信标和Q值

ATS信标可以用图2所示的LCR串联电路表示。假设阻抗为0，则LCR电路的谐振频率可以由等式(1)得到。

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1 Introduction

Reduction of maintenance cost is a large task for railroad transportation. The railroad operators are making efforts to reduce their maintenance costs through modernizing and laborsaving of maintenance. Since measurement by instruments installed along the railroad in particular and measurement of track conditions require a lot of manpower, automatic measurement by an inspection car sometimes takes place. However, inspection cars are expensive, and because they must be run on an extra schedule, there are restrictions on their running. The inspection cars owned by the railroad operator are not sufficient. To ameliorate such a situation, we are developing a probe train [1, 2, 3]. The probe train is a commercial train that uses simple sensors to automatically measure the conditions of the track and signal facilities making up the railroad system. This article, which is based on the presentation of COMPRAIL 2006 [4], introduces the measurement functions offered by the probe train, or the measurement technology of ATS (automatic train stopping system) and track circuits, among others.

2 Concept of probe train

The probe train is a commercial train equipped with an onboard sensing system to measure various condition of the railroad. Figure 1 illustrates the structure of the on-board sensing system. The system consists of five subsystems. The vehicle motion analysis. track condition diagnosis and safety diagnosis subsystems are for collection of various maintenance data. The position detection subsystem obtains data to specify the position in which an abnormal condition exists. All the data collected by the subsystems are stored into the data collection subsystem. The technologies described below are concerned with the safety diagnosis subsystem which probe the maintenance data for signaling equipments.

3 Probe technology of ATS for probe train

3.2 Problems faced by ATS maintenance and background of technical development

 If the railroad crew should overlook a stop signal indication and miss brake handling, a safety system automatically operates the brake to protect the safety. Automatic train stopping systems (ATS) are examples of that kind of system. The ATS introduced on all JR lines and many other lines in Japan is a frequency shift ATS system. The frequency shift ATS uses an LC coil called a beacon and installed between the rails. When a train passes over the coil, the ATS receives the signal indication from the ground. Thus it is a point control ATS. If reception of information from the point control ATS becomes impossible, it is very dangerous, because it leads to a loss of function. Therefore, quality control of beacons has been taken as an important maintenance item. For the beacons, their quality control has been handled by the Q-value (quality factor) of the LCR series circuit, and their performance measurement has taken place with a fixed period on the field or from the train. The Q-value of ATS beacons placed sporadically along the railroad has to be measured one by one using a Q-meter. This method of measurement is exact indeed, but requires much time and manpower, so it has been considered one of the labor-saving problems of signal maintenance. 

On the other hand, automatic Q-value measurement also takes place using an inspection car. Since the signal reception level when a train passes over the beacon is proportional to the Q-value, the Q-value can be determined by measuring the reception level by an inspection car. However, because the reception level depends not only on.......